96 Well Elisa Kits

All type 96 Well Elisa Kits

1:HBcAb IgM Antibodies to HBcAg are produced shortly after the appearance of HBsAg and persist for life both in persons who have recovered from a Hepatitis B infection and in those who develop HBsAg carrier status. In chronic hepatitis, however, spikes of anti-HBc IgM synthesis can be observed, confirming reactivation of HBV in hepatocytes and giving origin to permanent low titers of IgM.

2:After treatment, in the recovery phase following acute hepatitis B, HBeAg is the first serological marker that becomes negative and is replaced by the corresponding antibody (anti-Hbe). The presence of anti-HBe in blood is recognized to be a clinical sign of recovery from the infection.

3:The [e" antigen is a viral protein associated with HBV replication, indicating a high degree of infectivity of the tested individual. In chronic Hepatitis B infections, elevated levels of HBeAg can be detected for years, which is a marker for a high viral load.

4:Serological evidence of infection with HIV may be obtained by testing for presence of HIV antigens or antibodies. Antigens can only be detected during both the acute phase and the symptomatic phase of AIDS. The antibodies however, can be detected throughout virtually the whole infection period, starting at, or shortly after the acute phase and lasting, untill the end stage of AIDS. Apart from sexual transmission, the principal route of infection with HIV is blood transfusion. Therefore, all donations of blood or plasma should be tested due to the risk of HIV transmission through contaminated blood.

5:The human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) is a member of the family of Retroviridae, consisting of enveloped double stranded RNA viruses and genetically not related to HIV1&2; however, they have similar routes of transmission and can have extremely long period of latency prior to manifestation of disease. HTLV type 1 was reported in 1980 as the first retrovirus shown to be pathogenic to humans. HTLV 1&2 is transmitted transplacentally, parenterally, by sexual contacts and by infected blood. The diseases associated with HTLV infection are usually classified as malignant or nonmalignant clinical presentations. HTLV 1 is endemic in southern Japan, the Caribbean and the US and many other scattered population through the world. HTLV 2 is endemic in some North American Indian tribes but is detected mostly in intravenous drug users and their sexual partners.

6:HBV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family and is recognized as the major cause of blood transmitted hepatitis. Classification of a HBV infection requires the identification of several serological markers expressed during the three phases (incubation, acute and convalescent) of the infection.

7:HBsAg is the most important protein of the envelope of HBV. Four HBsAg subtypes have been identified (adw, ady, ayw, and ayr). HBsAg can be detected 3 to 5 weeks before the development of symptoms. The serological detection of HBsAg is a powerful method for the diagnosis and prevention of HBV infection and for screening of blood donors.

8:Anti-HBc is a marker of acute, chronic or resolved HBV infection.In clinical diagnosis, the detection of anti-HBc is an important marker for diagnosis and management of disease. In the absence of other HBV markers (HBsAg-negative persons), anti-HBc may be the only indication of an existing HBV infection.

9:HBcAb IgM Antibodies to HBcAg are produced shortly after the appearance of HBsAg and persist for life both in persons who have recovered from a Hepatitis B infection and in those who develop HBsAg carrier status. In chronic hepatitis, however, spikes of anti-HBc IgM synthesis can be observed, confirming reactivation of HBV in hepatocytes and giving origin to permanent low titers of IgM.

10:During the acute phase of hepatitis B infection, increasing titers of HBsAg neutralizing antibodies are a marker for recovery. The absence of anti-HBs indicates susceptibility to HBV infection.